Ap Lang 2018 Exam Frq

Deconstructing the 2018 AP Lang Exam FRQs: A Comprehensive Guide

The 2018 AP Language and Composition exam presented students with a challenging yet rewarding set of Free Response Questions (FRQs). This guide delves deep into each question, providing detailed analyses, sample responses, and strategies for tackling similar prompts in future exams. Understanding these FRQs is key to mastering the skills necessary for success in the AP Lang exam. This analysis will cover the rhetorical analysis, argumentative essay, and synthesis essay prompts, offering insights into scoring high and effectively demonstrating your analytical abilities.

I. Rhetorical Analysis: The "Hidden" Persuasion

The 2018 rhetorical analysis FRQ presented a passage, likely an excerpt from a speech, essay, or article. The core task was to analyze the author's rhetorical strategies – the means by which they persuade their audience. Instead of simply summarizing the text, you needed to dissect the how of persuasion.

Key Elements to Analyze:

• Purpose: What was the author trying to achieve? What was their central argument or claim? Understanding the purpose guides your analysis of the chosen rhetorical strategies.
• Audience: Who was the intended audience? The author's rhetorical choices are directly influenced by their understanding of the audience's beliefs, values, and potential biases.
• Rhetorical Appeals: This is the heart of the analysis. Identify and analyze the use of:
  • Ethos (credibility): Does the author establish expertise or trustworthiness? How? Through personal anecdotes? Use of credible sources? Formal tone?
  • Pathos (emotion): Does the author evoke emotions in the reader? What emotions? How do they achieve this? Through vivid imagery? Emotional anecdotes? Figurative language?
  • Logos (logic): Does the author use reason and evidence to support their claims? What kind of evidence is used? Statistics? Anecdotes? Logical reasoning?
• Diction (word choice): Analyze the author's deliberate word choices. Are they formal or informal? Connotative or denotative? Do the words contribute to the overall tone and persuasive effect?
• Syntax (sentence structure): Examine the sentence structure. Are sentences long and complex, or short and concise? Do they use parallelism, anaphora, or other stylistic devices to emphasize certain points?
• Tone: What is the overall tone of the passage? Is it serious, humorous, sarcastic, urgent, etc.? How does the tone contribute to the persuasive effect?
• Figurative Language: Analyze the use of metaphors, similes, analogies, and other figures of speech. How do they contribute to the overall meaning and persuasive effect?

Example Approach: Instead of saying "The author uses metaphors," explain how the metaphors function. For instance, "The author's use of extended metaphors comparing [subject A] to [subject B] creates a powerful image of [effect], ultimately persuading the reader to [conclusion]."

II. Argument Essay: Constructing a Persuasive Case

The argument essay prompt in 2018 likely presented a complex issue, requiring you to develop a well-supported argument on a specific aspect of that issue. This demands not just a stance, but a nuanced and carefully constructed argument.

Essential Components of a Strong Argument:

• Clear Thesis Statement: Your thesis should state your position clearly and concisely. It should also suggest the main points of your argument.
• Well-Developed Supporting Arguments: Use evidence (examples, statistics, anecdotes, expert opinions) to support your claims. Each paragraph should focus on a single supporting argument, developing it thoroughly.
• Logical Reasoning: Connect your evidence to your claims using logical reasoning. Avoid fallacies (logical errors).
• Acknowledgement and Refutation of Counterarguments: Addressing opposing viewpoints demonstrates critical thinking and strengthens your argument. Don't just mention counterarguments; refute them logically.
• Sophisticated Style and Tone: Use precise language, varied sentence structure, and an appropriate tone to demonstrate your writing proficiency.

Example Approach: Instead of simply stating facts, explain why those facts support your argument and how they connect to your overall thesis. For example, instead of saying "Studies show that [fact]," say "Studies showing that [fact] demonstrate the significant impact of [issue] on [outcome], directly supporting my argument that [thesis]."

III. Synthesis Essay: Weaving Multiple Sources

The synthesis essay required you to integrate information from multiple sources to develop a well-supported and coherent essay on a specific topic. This tests your ability to synthesize information from diverse perspectives and create a unified argument.

Mastering the Synthesis Essay:

• Careful Reading and Annotation: Thoroughly read and annotate each source, identifying the main idea, supporting evidence, and author's perspective.
• Identifying Common Themes and Points of Agreement/Disagreement: Look for connections and contrasts between the sources. This helps you develop a nuanced understanding of the issue.
• Developing a Thesis Statement: Your thesis should integrate information from the sources while stating your own informed position on the issue.
• Using Evidence Effectively: Integrate direct quotes and paraphrases from the sources to support your claims. Use signal phrases to introduce the sources and attribute ideas correctly.
• Citation: Properly cite all sources using in-text citations and a works cited page (though not required for the AP Lang exam, good citation practice is vital).
• Maintaining a Coherent Argument: Ensure that your essay flows logically and that your arguments are well-supported by evidence from the sources.

Example Approach: Instead of simply summarizing each source, explain how each source contributes to your overall argument and how they relate to each other. For instance, "While Source A emphasizes [point A], Source B provides a contrasting perspective by highlighting [point B], ultimately suggesting that [synthesis of both points]."

IV. General Strategies for Success

Regardless of the specific prompt, several strategies apply to all three FRQs:

• Time Management: Allocate your time effectively. Plan your essay before you write.
• Clear and Concise Writing: Avoid unnecessary wordiness. Get straight to the point.
• Strong Introduction and Conclusion: Your introduction should clearly state your thesis, and your conclusion should summarize your main points and reiterate your thesis.
• Proofreading: Always take a few minutes to proofread your work before submitting it. Correct any grammatical errors or typos.
• Practice: The best way to prepare for the AP Lang exam is to practice writing essays. Use past exam questions as practice prompts.

V. Beyond the Specifics: Cultivating Critical Thinking

The 2018 AP Lang FRQs, and indeed all AP Lang FRQs, are not simply tests of writing ability; they are tests of critical thinking. The ability to analyze arguments, synthesize information, and construct persuasive arguments is a vital skill applicable far beyond the exam itself. Mastering these skills equips you not just for academic success, but also for effective communication and engagement with the complexities of the world. By understanding the nuances of rhetoric, argumentation, and synthesis, you become a more informed and critical reader, writer, and thinker. This extends beyond the classroom and into your everyday interactions, empowering you to engage with diverse perspectives and form your own well-reasoned opinions. The effort you put into mastering these skills will undoubtedly yield significant long-term benefits.

VI. Conclusion: Preparing for Future Success

The 2018 AP Language and Composition exam offered a valuable opportunity to assess your analytical and writing abilities. By thoroughly examining the FRQs and understanding the key elements of successful responses, you can effectively prepare for future exams and cultivate the crucial critical thinking skills necessary for academic and professional success. Remember, practice and a deep understanding of rhetorical strategies are your best allies in conquering the challenges of the AP Language and Composition exam. Embrace the complexities, engage with the texts critically, and let your analytical prowess shine through your writing.