Practice Punnett Squares Answer Key

Mastering Punnett Squares: A Comprehensive Guide with Practice Problems and Answers

Understanding genetics is fundamental to comprehending the biological world around us. One of the most crucial tools in genetic analysis is the Punnett square, a simple yet powerful method for predicting the genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a given cross. This comprehensive guide will walk you through the principles of Punnett squares, provide numerous practice problems with detailed answers, and delve into the underlying scientific explanations to solidify your understanding. We'll cover monohybrid crosses, dihybrid crosses, and even touch upon more complex scenarios. By the end, you'll be confident in constructing and interpreting Punnett squares, a skill essential for any biology student.

Understanding Basic Genetic Terminology

Before diving into Punnett squares, let's review some fundamental genetic terms:

• Gene: A unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring.
• Allele: Different forms of a gene. For example, a gene for flower color might have alleles for red and white.
• Genotype: The genetic makeup of an organism, represented by the combination of alleles (e.g., RR, Rr, rr).
• Phenotype: The observable characteristics of an organism, determined by its genotype (e.g., red flowers, white flowers).
• Homozygous: Having two identical alleles for a particular gene (e.g., RR, rr). Also known as homozygote.
• Heterozygous: Having two different alleles for a particular gene (e.g., Rr). Also known as heterozygote.
• Dominant Allele: An allele that masks the expression of another allele when present. Represented by a capital letter (e.g., R).
• Recessive Allele: An allele whose expression is masked by a dominant allele. Represented by a lowercase letter (e.g., r).

Constructing and Interpreting Monohybrid Punnett Squares

A monohybrid cross involves tracking the inheritance of a single gene. Let's consider a classic example: flower color in pea plants. Assume that red flower color (R) is dominant over white flower color (r). We'll cross two heterozygous plants (Rr x Rr).

Step 1: Set up the Punnett Square

Create a 2x2 grid. Write the alleles of one parent along the top and the alleles of the other parent along the side.

Step 2: Fill in the Genotypes

Combine the alleles from each parent to determine the genotypes of the offspring.

Step 3: Determine the Phenotypes

Based on the genotypes, determine the phenotypes of the offspring. Remember, R (red) is dominant over r (white).

• RR: Red flowers
• Rr: Red flowers (R masks r)
• rr: White flowers

Step 4: Calculate Probabilities

Out of four possible offspring, three will have red flowers (75%), and one will have white flowers (25%). This is the phenotypic ratio. The genotypic ratio is 1 RR: 2 Rr: 1 rr.

Practice Problems: Monohybrid Crosses

Problem 1: In pea plants, tall (T) is dominant to short (t). Cross two heterozygous tall plants (Tt x Tt). What are the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the offspring?

Answer 1:

Genotypic Ratio: 1 TT: 2 Tt: 1 tt Phenotypic Ratio: 3 Tall: 1 Short

Problem 2: Brown eyes (B) are dominant to blue eyes (b). A homozygous brown-eyed individual (BB) is crossed with a blue-eyed individual (bb). What are the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring?

Answer 2:

All offspring will be heterozygous (Bb) and have brown eyes.

Dihybrid Crosses: Tracking Two Genes Simultaneously

Dihybrid crosses track the inheritance of two genes simultaneously. Let's consider pea plants again, this time focusing on flower color (R = red, r = white) and plant height (T = tall, t = short). We'll cross two heterozygous plants for both traits (RrTt x RrTt).

Step 1: Set up the Punnett Square

This time, you'll need a 4x4 grid.

Step 2: Fill in the Genotypes

Combine the alleles from each parent to get 16 possible genotypes.

Step 3: Determine the Phenotypes

Use the dominance relationships (R>r, T>t) to determine the phenotypes.

Step 4: Calculate Probabilities

You'll find a phenotypic ratio of approximately 9:3:3:1 (9 red, tall: 3 red, short: 3 white, tall: 1 white, short).

Practice Problems: Dihybrid Crosses

Problem 3: In guinea pigs, black fur (B) is dominant to white fur (b), and rough fur (R) is dominant to smooth fur (r). A heterozygous black, rough-furred guinea pig (BbRr) is crossed with another heterozygous black, rough-furred guinea pig (BbRr). What are the expected phenotypic ratios of the offspring?

Answer 3: The Punnett square will yield a phenotypic ratio of approximately 9 black, rough: 3 black, smooth: 3 white, rough: 1 white, smooth.

Problem 4: A plant with purple flowers (P) and tall stems (T) is crossed with a plant with white flowers (p) and short stems (t). Both parents are homozygous for both traits (PPTT x pptt). What are the genotypes and phenotypes of the F1 generation? What would be the phenotypic ratio of the F2 generation (F1 x F1)?

Answer 4:

• F1 Generation: All offspring will be PpTt (purple flowers, tall stems).
• F2 Generation: A 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio is expected (9 purple, tall: 3 purple, short: 3 white, tall: 1 white, short).

Beyond Basic Punnett Squares: Incomplete Dominance and Codominance

Basic Punnett squares assume complete dominance, where one allele completely masks the other. However, other inheritance patterns exist:

• Incomplete Dominance: Neither allele is completely dominant; the heterozygote shows an intermediate phenotype. For example, if red (R) and white (W) flowers exhibit incomplete dominance, the Rr genotype would produce pink flowers.

• Codominance: Both alleles are expressed equally in the heterozygote. For example, in certain breeds of cattle, red (R) and white (W) coat colors are codominant, resulting in roan (RW) cattle with both red and white hairs.

Practice Problems: Incomplete and Codominance

Problem 5: In snapdragons, red flowers (R) and white flowers (W) show incomplete dominance. A red snapdragon (RR) is crossed with a white snapdragon (WW). What are the genotypes and phenotypes of the F1 generation? What about the F2 generation (F1 x F1)?

Answer 5:

• F1 Generation: All offspring will be RW (pink flowers).
• F2 Generation: A 1:2:1 phenotypic ratio is expected (1 red: 2 pink: 1 white).

Problem 6: In humans, the ABO blood group system exhibits codominance between alleles IA and IB, and both are dominant over allele i. A person with blood type A (IAi) marries a person with blood type B (IBi). What are the possible blood types of their children?

Answer 6: The children could have blood type A (IAi), blood type B (IBi), blood type AB (IAIB), or blood type O (ii).

Sex-Linked Traits

Sex-linked traits are genes located on the sex chromosomes (X and Y in humans). Since males have only one X chromosome, they express recessive sex-linked traits more frequently than females.

Practice Problem: Sex-Linked Traits

Problem 7: Hemophilia is a sex-linked recessive trait. A carrier female (XHXh) marries a normal male (XHY). What is the probability of their sons having hemophilia? What about their daughters?

Answer 7: There is a 50% chance their sons will have hemophilia and a 0% chance their daughters will have hemophilia (although there is a 50% chance their daughters will be carriers).

Conclusion: Mastering Punnett Squares

Punnett squares are a fundamental tool in genetics. While seemingly simple, they provide a powerful way to visualize and predict the inheritance of traits. By understanding the principles of Mendelian genetics, including dominance, recessiveness, incomplete dominance, codominance, and sex linkage, you can effectively use Punnett squares to solve a wide range of genetic problems. Remember to practice regularly, and you will master this essential skill in your biological studies. The practice problems and detailed answers provided above should help you solidify your understanding. Don't hesitate to revisit these examples and try creating your own problems to further reinforce your learning. With consistent effort, you will confidently navigate the world of genetics and Punnett squares.